One oxygen atom weighs approximately sixteen daltons. A measured mass sixteen above the theoretical value for a methionine-containing sequence is the classic signature of a sulfoxide, and thirty-two suggests the sulfone or two oxidised sites.
That makes oxidation one of the easier degradations to identify, provided the certificate reports a measured mass rather than only a purity percentage.
Dissolved oxygen, trace metal ions, light, and elevated temperature. Trace copper or iron catalyse the reaction, which is one reason metal contamination matters in a way that seems disproportionate to the quantities involved.
For a copper complex such as GHK-Cu the metal is intentional and coordinated, which is a different situation from free metal contamination — but it is also why that compound is kept shielded from light, since absorbed energy can drive redox chemistry at the copper centre.
Two cysteine thiols oxidising together form a disulfide bond. In a protein that is often structural and intended. In a short synthetic peptide it can link two molecules that were meant to stay separate, producing a dimer of roughly twice the mass.
Degassed diluent, cold storage and keeping vials closed address all of this. It is the ordinary reason for ordinary handling advice.
One oxygen atom weighs approximately sixteen daltons. A measured mass sixteen above the theoretical value for a methionine-containing sequence is the classic signature of a sulfoxide, and thirty-two suggests the sulfone or two oxidised sites.
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